Illumination Engineering - Outdoor Illumination

OUTDOOR APPLICATIONS

Factory lighting:

The following general requirement of factory lighting:-                                                                                                               

 1.    The operation of factory lighting and its control should be simple.

2. At the time of factory lighting, the surrounding conditions inside the factory should be pleasant to every worker & officer to increase their work efficiency.

3. The all safety precautions are to be consider at the time of factory lighting to avoid the chances of electrical & mechanical accidents and danger of fire hazard.

4. The maintenance, repairing and expansion in the factory lighting should be less and simple.

 5. The replacement of any lighting device or accessories should be so simple.

 6. The cost of factory lighting for indoor and outdoor applications should be less.

7. The indoor and outdoor applications the life of the factory lighting should be high.

  8. The percentage of glare in the factory lighting should be less.

9. The stroboscopic effect and Shadows due to the lighting in the workshop should be very less. 10. The overall power consumption of indoor and outdoor applications of factory lighting should be less. In that case energy saving lamp are to be used

 11. Sometimes, Direct lighting scheme or indirect lighting scheme is also used for the factory lighting

                     

     OR

  1) The type of industry or factory.

2) The total premises area of the whole factory in m2.

 3) The location of the factory.

4) The surrounding conditions. e.g. wind pressure, natural sun light, rainfall, etc.

 5) The type of product which are manufactured in the factory.

 6) The total indoor & outdoor area of the given factory.

7) The necessary lux level for the outdoor locations to increase the beauty of the factory at night, and pleasant working conditions.

8) As per civil construction work, the colour of ceiling walls & machines. The waste Light factor, utilization factor & depreciation factor is decided.

9) To minimize the stroboscopic effect & to minimize the glare the combination of various types of lighting source are selected.

 

 Street lighting (Road lighting):

 

State main objectives of street lighting. Explain two general principles employed in the design of street lighting.

Ans:  Main Objectives of street Lighting:                                                                       

1) To make the road clearly visible.

2) To promote safety & convenience to the traffic.

3) To make the street more attractive.

4) To increase the community value of the street.

OR

Objectives of street Lighting:                                

1. The street lighting should be such that the object can be seen driver of any vehicle.

 2. The street lighting should be attractive.

 3. It should increase the community value.

 4. As per the Indian standard, the illumination level required for high traffic density should be 20:30 lux for medium traffic density it should be 8-15 lux & for low traffic density it should be minimum 4 lux.

 5. It should be such that a river of any vehicle sees the object up to 30 mtr.

6.  Percentage of glare should be less so there are less chances of accidents, for that angle of reflector should be well maintain.

7. It should be electrical & mechanical safe.

8. The replacement of lighting accessories should be simple

9. The maintenance & repairing should be simple future expansion should be carries out without any difficulty.

10.  It should be economical

11. For high traffic density, generally metal halide lamp, halogen lamps should be used. For medium traffic density sodium vapour lamp , mercury vapour lamp should be used & for low traffic density CFL, LED and fluorescent tube should be used.  

 

General Principals employed in the design of street lighting:        

   1. Specular-reflection principle of street lighting           2. Diffusion principle

 

1)      Specular-reflection principle:-    

 In this method obstruction will be clearly visible to the driver by using reflectors with small angle of incidence.

  In this method reflectors are used in such a way that driver can see any object clearly from more than 40 m distance on road. So that accident will be less.  Power consumption required for this method is less

  This method is commonly used for low or medium traffic density area.

 

                  2) Diffusion Principle:                                                                                                

  In this type, the light is directed downwards from the lamps with the intension of producing a uniform illumination on the road surface.

  This is possible by use of suitably design reflectors.

  The filament of the lamp is invisible expect from almost beneath it.

  This illuminates glare, the road surface has a diffusing mature due to which it diffuses some proportion of light towards the observer. This makes the road surface bright for the observer.

Following four important terms in road lighting:                                                 

 1. Span: It is the distance between two poles on a road.

2. Spacing: It is the distance between two adjacent poles on which lamps are fitted. OR It is a distance between two adjacent lines/live wires.  

3. Mounting height: It is the distance between lamp source (height) and surface of road to

be illuminated. OR  It is a vertical distance between conductor and ground.

4. Width of carriageway: The area of street reserve that is provided for the movement or parking of vehicles measured from kerb to opposite kerb

5.    The actual distance between first and last conductor on same pole.

 

 

Flood lighting:

 

What is flood lighting ? State the purpose of flood lighting.

 Ans: Meaning of Flood lighting:                                                                                      

 Flood lighting means flooding of large surface area with light from powerful sources using projector.

 

Following Purpose of flood lighting:                                                                      

 

1)  Aesthetic flood Lighting : It is used for buildings at night, ancient building and monuments, churches & gardens etc

2) Industrial & Commercial Flood lighting: It is used for illuminating railway yards,  stadiums, car parking area etc.

 3) Advertising flood lighting: It is used for illuminating advertisements, boarding’s etc

OR

1. It is used for buildings at night, ancient building and monuments, churches & gardens  etc

2. It is used for illuminating railway yards, stadiums, car parking area etc.  

3. It is used for illuminating advertisements, boarding’s etc 

 

Railway lighting(Platform lighting):

 

Explain Railway platform lighting.

Ans:  Explanation of Railway platform lighting:                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Good platform lighting on all stations is essential for the safety and comfort of passengers and railway staff. The recommended value of illumination is 100-150 lux. T-5 fluorescent lamps are used as source of light.   The luminaries should be arranged in such a way that the light strikes the platform ‘H’ straight down and without shadows provided reasonable uniform light across the width of the platform. For non-covered portion of the railway station, street light fitting of T-5 fluorescent lamps with width angle distribution reflectors are suitable modern LED street light fitting of 36/40 w are also used. 

 

OR Student may be write

                                                                            

1. The general requirements & objectives for the railway lighting is similar to shipyard lighting or factory lighting.

 2. The total area covered by the railway department.

3. Total number of platforms available on the station.

4. The total length of every platform.

 5. The total indoor facilities of the railways station for e.g. waiting room, guest room, booking counter & booking office, signal & controlling room, TC chamber, go downs, canteen, book stall.

 6. The platform lighting is generally done as outdoor lighting of factory premises or It is similar to street lighting.

 7. For indoor lighting the standard lux level available is common but for the platform lighting the 60 to 80 lux should be available on the railway track & platform.

 8. The signaling is very important part. At the time of illumination design we have to consider it.  

 

                 OR Student may be write                   

1. Selection of correct source of light.

2. Adequate level of illumination on the W.P.

3. Correct brightness, relationship eliminating glare and reflection.

4. Appropriate colour of light having regards to:

 a) requirement of work or process              

b) Psychological effects and combination with natural light.

5. Proper shadow characteristics.

6. Provision of auxiliary and emergency lighting for safety.

7. Provisions for operation i.e. current, switching groups, proper switching control.

8. Maximum overall economy consistent with efficiency.

9. Aesthetic blending of light and décor.  

 

Advertisement (Hording):

How decorative lighting is useful for advertising section ?

Ans:  1.  By decoration of ancient and VIP Buildings.

2.  By decoration of gardens.

3.  By increasing the beauty of interior and exterior applications.

 4. To increase the festival mood.

5. For domestics function.

6. For various stages.

 7. For advertisement of commercial building.

8. To improve energy saving, economy, reliability of lighting system     

9. Decorative lighting is always attractive and, multicolour  so automatically it will be advertised. 

Following are the types of lamps used for decorative purpose:                        

1. Flood Fight      

2. Neon Lamp      

3. Mercury  vapour lamp     

 4. Sodium vapour lamp     

 5. Multi colour LED Lamp     

 6.  Compact Fluorescent lmap     

 7. Halogen Lamp      

 8. Small  capacity projector lamp      

  9. Metal Halide Lamp

 

Sport lighting:

Design considerations for Sports Ground lighting:                                                                              

1) Types of sports –indoor or outdoor.

2) Illumination level required for that sport.

3) Time of sports whether it is day or night.

4) Area of illumination which is to be illuminated.

5) Surrounding conditions of the ground.

6) Height of the tower for the flood light which is installed near to or surrounding the ground.

             7) At the time of sports light regular designing factor for example, working plane area, utilization factor waste light factor depreciation factor etc. are to be considered.

8) Power required and available should be also taken into account.

9) Maintenance and repairing cost should be also less.

10) Life of the projector & bunched filament lamp should be high.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS:

 

agriculture Lighting:                                                                    

Explanation for agriculture Lighting & Horticulture lighting :                                                                      

1. If any type of agriculture or horticulture premises if the natural sunlight is not available then high pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps are to be used.

2. The requirement of agricultural or horticultural lighting is similar of flood lighting and lighting calculations is also same. Only difference is that basic lux level is decided by the type of applications. 

3. In the greenhouse the fluorescent tubes, the CFL are also used for energy saving purpose. The metal halide lamps which are to be used in the green house having the wattage of 75W, 250W and 400W.

4. In any types of green house, the all environmental condition which are required for plant growth these all conditions are artificially provided by the lighting scheme. These all Surrounding conditions may be room temp. Humidity, wind pressure, sunlight and percentage of water. 

5. In the green house we can use standard high pressure lamp of 250W, 500W, 1000W etc. In these types of lamps, there may be sodium vapour lamp and mercury vapour  lamp.

hospital lighting and Healthcare centre:

Recommended illumination level required for any four areas of hospital lighting and Healthcare centre:

 

Stage lighting :

The following  characteristics  with their effects can be obtained by lighting on the stage:

1. The activity or programme on the stage should be performed without any disturbance.

2. The lux level on the stage and light intensity is maintained and controlled as per requirement of activity.

3. The multi colour effect for particular activity of drama is also possible.

4. The smooth and simple control is also possible.

5. The replacement of lighting accessories should be simple and quick.

6. The maintenance and repairing is less.

7. The all operations in the stage lighting are smoothly and simple controlled.

8. Life of the stage lighting is more and it is more economical.

9. The Power consumption should be less.

10. The surrounding mood on the stage is maintained and improved by the stage lighting.

 

shipyards areas:- 

The requirements of illumination of shipyards areas:- 

1. The shipyard lighting always depends upon the all surrounding conditions for e.g. wind pressure, rain fall, location of shipyard from the sea-share etc.

2. The shipyard lighting always depends upon the type & capacity of alternator which is held in ship for interior applications and the capacity of alternator which is installed in the ship-yard and any other non-conventional sources installed in that particulars area for all outdoor application.

3. In the every shipyard there may be limitation conventional sources to over-come these limitations sometimes non-conventional sources for e.g. solar, tidal, wave-let, etc  non conventional energy sources are to b used. At the time of illumination design we have to consider this factor.  

4. In the ship-yard after scotching various shipyard is necessary for this case control room, emergency –control, emergency medical centre. Loading and unloading areas etc. are required, at the time of illumination design we have to consider all these applications for its standard lux level. 

5. In the every ship-yard the electrical & mechanical safety is the prime-moto. At the time of illumination design the all safety precautions are to be taken. 

6. The life of the shipyard lighting should be always more.

7. The cost of the ship-yard lighting should be always economical.

8. The every ship-yard station should be free from any type of pollution for e.g. water pollution, sound pollution or noise pollution to the commercial communication signals.

9. At the time of ship-yard lighting for the outdoor applications we have consider total area of water, which is covered by the illumination.

10. The ship-yard lighting is always at the remote place slightly away from the sea-share,  so at the time of ship-yard lighting the wiring & accessories can be replace easily. 

11. The maintenance and the repairing of the shipyard lighting system should be simple & less, at the time of ship-yard lighting the navigation signals and lights are very  important to control the various ships at the time of ship-yard lighting we have to consider this factor also.

12. In the ship-yard lighting the various lamp are used to get the proper lux level and for energy saving purpose also, the some of the lamps are as below-forge, Bollards, foot lamps, solar grass lamps, LED-Solar energy lawn lamps, various focus lamps, metal halide lamps etc.

State the importance of light house in the shipyards and state different types of lights are provided by light house.

 Ans: The importance of light house:                                                                    

A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of structure designed to emit light  from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a navigational aid for maritime pilots at  sea or on inland waterways.  

Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, and safe entries to  harbors; they also assist in aerial navigation. Once widely used, the number of operational  lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance and use of electronic  navigational systems. 

 

The following types of lights are provided by light house.                      

  1. Arc lamp

  2. Metal halide Lamp

  3. Focus Lamp

  4. High wattages neon lamps 

  5. Flashers 

 

Aquariums:-

Following  Characteristics required in Aquariums:-

1. The aquarium lightly depends open the size of the aquariums tank (Length, width and  depth. So select proper aquarium size

2. The aquarium lighting depends upon the all sounding condition e.g. colour and size of  the given hall in which the aquarium is placed. So Maintained the surrounding  condition

3. The aquarium lighting depend open the maintenance schedule of the tank water and  other aquarium accessories, So keep proper Maintainance 

4. The aquarium lighting depends open the surrounding temperature and required  temperature of water in the tank. So to keep the proper temperature.

5. In some type of aquarium the ultraviolet lamp are provided for the bacteria filling  purpose. So  use ultraviolet lamp

6. The aquarium lighting also depends open the various aquarium lighting also depends  open the various aquarium accessories used in the tank. So use and maintain the  various aquarium accessories.  

7. The aquarium lighting should be electrically and mechanically safe to the all type  aquatic animals  and operator also. So keep safety.

8. The aquarium lighting should be economical. 

9. The life of the aquarium lighting should be long.

malls & super market:

Lamps used for malls & super market –                                                              

·       CFL, fluorescent tubes, LED lamps are used in malls & super markets.

·       Fluorescent tubes  are available in various sizes, 2 feet & 4 feet, 6 feet.

·       Wattage of the tube ranges from 20w, 36w, 40w, 65w, 80w etc. Above tubes are also available for A.C. & D.C. supply.

·       The CFL & LED lamps are energy efficient lamps so that power consumption is less so that they are commonly used for malls & super markets.

·       The fluorescent tubes are also having the large lumens output light sources it is pleasant it doesn’t give strain to the eyes. So that it is commonly used. Different types of colours can be obtained by this lamp.

·       By connecting lamps in series & parallel required lux level can be achieved.

CFL: - These lamps are also energy saving lamps more than in incandescent lamp. Available in white, Red, Yellow, Green, Blue, Pink colour etc. They are available in 4w, 7w, 11w, and 15w. It can be used in solar operated street light & various emergency lamps.

Halogen lamps – can be operated on A.C. & D.C. supply. Efficiency of halogen lamp is 22 to 33 lumens/watt. These lamps are widely used for focusing purpose on building. Etc

Reason lamps are used for malls and supermarkets :                                          

  Above lamps give a required illuminations and CRI i.e they are used is malls and Supermarkets.

  Energy saving lamps are highly required

  Working hours of the lamps should be high with minimum maintenance.

 

Photography:

Describe 3 point lighting technique used for visual media and still photography

 Ans:   Three point lighting techniques

It is a standard method which is used in video and still photography. In this three point method  Key light,fill light and back light are used. Key light is a principal illuminationsource from front  side. Fill light is used from side (left or right). It balances the shades. Back light shines on rim, shoulder, hair etc.